{"id":318,"date":"2019-04-07T11:56:03","date_gmt":"2019-04-07T09:56:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/constanceluzzati.com\/?p=318"},"modified":"2019-04-07T12:07:18","modified_gmt":"2019-04-07T10:07:18","slug":"interpretation-theologique-de-la-cantate-bwv-106-actus-tragicus-de-j-s-bach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/constanceluzzati.com\/index.php\/2019\/04\/07\/interpretation-theologique-de-la-cantate-bwv-106-actus-tragicus-de-j-s-bach\/","title":{"rendered":"Interpr\u00e9tation th\u00e9ologique de la cantate BWV 106, \u00ab\u00a0Actus tragicus\u00a0\u00bb, de J.S. Bach"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab Aujourd\u2019hui, tu seras avec moi au paradis \u00bb. Au c\u0153ur de l\u2019\u0153uvre, la basse soliste reprend les mots de J\u00e9sus de Nazareth au criminel sur la croix, tels qu\u2019ils apparaissent dans l\u2019\u00c9vangile de Luc. Bach adresse donc sa cantate Actus tragicus<\/em> \u00e0 l’auditeur, \u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0moi\u00a0\u00bb, p\u00eacheur, pour m\u2019annoncer mon Salut. C\u2019est une annonce de l\u2019\u00c9vangile (evangelion<\/em> veut dire \u00ab\u00a0bonne nouvelle\u00a0\u00bb en grec) au sens premier du terme. Ce solo suit le Psaume 31 qui, dans la droite ligne de la R\u00e9forme, proclame la gr\u00e2ce et non pas la loi : \u00ab Entre tes mains je remets mon esprit, tu m\u2019as rachet\u00e9 mon Seigneur mon Dieu fid\u00e8le \u00bb. Le choral de Luther sur le cantique de Sim\u00e9on, qui pr\u00e9sente la fin de la vie humaine comme un sommeil de paix, se superpose au texte de la Bible et au chanteur soliste, dans un contrepoint s\u00e9mantique et musical. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le texte est un patchwork de versets extraits de leur contexte qui peut nous sembler surprenant mais ne l\u2019est pas \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque de Bach, o\u00f9 l\u2019ex\u00e9g\u00e8se luth\u00e9rienne emploie des passages du texte biblique pour en expliquer d\u2019autres. Ils sont organis\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 former un discours coh\u00e9rent : apr\u00e8s l\u2019exorde instrumental, une premi\u00e8re proposition \u00ab le temps de Dieu est le meilleur de tous \u00bb, une seconde centr\u00e9e sur la finitude humaine, un dialogue (confutatio<\/em>) entre les deux propositions dans le ch\u0153ur central, puis une confirmation de l\u2019id\u00e9e de d\u00e9part soutenue par les deux seules citations exactes de l\u2019\u00c9criture, avant la p\u00e9roraison chorale. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Focus sur le choeur central, Es ist der alte Bund<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019introduction de l’oeuvre fait entendre des couleurs instrumentales d\u2019une grande douceur qui annoncent le repos en Dieu, sur une basse r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9e qui figure, dans les limites du chronos<\/em>, l\u2019\u00e9ternit\u00e9. Le ch\u0153ur central Es ist der alte Bund<\/em> est le point de bascule de la cantate. Bach y met en musique l\u2019anciennealliance (Si 14,14) et la nouvelle alliance (Ap 22,20) par une m\u00e9taphore musicale : une technique musicale ancienne (fugue chorale) alterne avec un chant soliste \u00e0 la sensibilit\u00e9 plus moderne. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tous les d\u00e9tails musicaux sont signifiants th\u00e9ologiquement. Ainsi, c\u2019est la m\u00eame figure musicale, r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9e de nombreuses fois, qui d\u00e9signe invariablement la mort (sterben<\/em>) au ch\u0153ur, et la vie dans la bouche de la soprano. Elle est identique en apparence, si l\u2019on consid\u00e8re la succession des sons, mais tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rente si l\u2019on consid\u00e8re les sons dans leur simultan\u00e9it\u00e9. Dans un cas, les dissonances g\u00e9n\u00e8rent une tension douloureuse, dans l\u2019autre le rythme des consonances est vivifiant. Avec un m\u00eame \u00e9l\u00e9ment musical qui irrigue toute la pi\u00e8ce, Bach dit \u00e0 la fois la vie et la mort, \u00e0 l\u2019image de la crucifixion qui, pour le luth\u00e9rien qu\u2019il est, annonce le Salut. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 l\u2019approche de l\u2019incroyable surgissement qui cl\u00f4t ce mouvement de la cantate, Bach superpose des sonorit\u00e9s qui constituent, dans le langage musical de son temps, des incongruit\u00e9s absolues, juste avant une interruption abrupte de la polyphonie : la soprano termine seule, sur une vocalise suspendue et inou\u00efe qui donne \u00e0 entendre le nom de J\u00e9sus, centre de la cantate et ka\u00efros<\/em> pour le chr\u00e9tien.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La cantate pour Bach, communion mystique avec Dieu, ou pr\u00e9dication ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab Dans une musique recueillie, Dieu est en tout temps l\u00e0 avec sa pr\u00e9sence gracieuse \u00bb : la musique est pour Bach le lieu de la pr\u00e9sence divine, celui d\u2019une communion avec Dieu. Le compositeur est impr\u00e9gn\u00e9 de la th\u00e9ologie mystique allemande du XVIIe<\/sup>si\u00e8cle, qui consid\u00e8re que l\u2019\u00e2me, \u00e9tant de Dieu, ne trouve qu\u2019en lui son repos (M\u00fcller). La cantate, sans expliquer l\u2019\u00c9criture, l\u2019interpr\u00e8te doublement, d\u2019une part \u00e0 travers le truchement des citations bibliques et des phrases de choral qui densifient le r\u00e9seau d\u2019intertextualit\u00e9s, d\u2019autre part via<\/em> la plume du compositeur et le jeu des musiciens. Elle est aussi en partie pr\u00e9dication, car c’est une Parole vivante qui annonce l\u2019\u00c9vangile, et une exp\u00e9rience esth\u00e9tique bouleversante qui d\u00e9place les passions de l’auditeur, lui laissant entrapercevoir et deviner la pr\u00e9sence de l\u2019ultime. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour aller plus loin :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

guide d’\u00e9coute interactif (\u00e9coute de l’oeuvre, partition comment\u00e9e, accessible aux m\u00e9lomanes non lecteurs) sur le choeur central Es ist der alte Bund<\/em> : http:\/\/constanceluzzati.com\/index.php\/2019\/04\/03\/gottes-zeit-ist-der-allerbeste-zeit-actus-tragicus\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

guide d’\u00e9coute interactif sur l’ensemble de la cantate : http:\/\/edutheque.philharmoniedeparis.fr\/edutheque\/player-guides.aspx#ZGQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour citer ce texte : Constance Luzzati, \u00ab\u00a0Actus tragicus\u00a0\u00bb, \u00c9vangile et libert\u00e9<\/em>, n\u00b0328, avril 2019. https:\/\/www.evangile-et-liberte.net\/2019\/04\/actus-tragicus\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00ab Aujourd\u2019hui, tu seras avec moi au paradis \u00bb. Au c\u0153ur de l\u2019\u0153uvre, la basse soliste reprend les mots de J\u00e9sus de […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8,40,51],"tags":[44,87,88,47,46,42,65,93],"class_list":["post-318","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-musique-ancienne-et-religieuse","category-musique-religieuse","category-theologie","tag-actus-tragicus","tag-bach","tag-cantate-bwv-106","tag-es-ist-der-alte-bund","tag-gottes-zeit","tag-mystique-de-la-croix","tag-predication","tag-theologie"],"yoast_head":"\nInterpr\u00e9tation th\u00e9ologique de la cantate BWV 106, "Actus tragicus", de J.S. 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